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International Journal of Engineering Research and Technology. ISSN 0974-3154 Vol.13, No.3 (2020), pp. 600-607 International Research Publication House. 7Evaluating Couple Simple Shear Wall as Low-cost Masonry WallStrengthening by Rebound Hammer TestRr. M. I. Retno Susilorini1*, Rina Febrina2, Helmia Adita Fitra31Department of Infrastructure and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Environmental Science and Technology,Soegijapranata Catholic University, Jl. Pawiyatan Luhur IV/1, Bendan Dhuwur, Semarang 50234, Indonesia2Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Malahayati University, Lampung, Indonesia3Department of Regional Planning, Faculty of Infrastructure Planning, Sumatera Institute of Technology, Lampung, Indonesia*Corresponding author: ORCID 0000-0001-8531-7485Several studies have reported about the importance ofstrengthening the masonry wall [1–7], even [8] developedstrengthening methods for old historical masonry building inSlovenia, but there is little information about simple way tostrengthening the masonry wall effectively, highlyperformance, and low-cost.AbstractShear wall known as high performance structure to resistsseismic load. It has important that shear wall can be applied tomasonry building as bearing wall in simple way, highperformance, and low-cost. Therefore, this research wants todevelop a simple way as well as simple shear walls that areconnected by column as stiffer couple to strength the masonrywall. The aim of this research is to investigate compressivestrength of couple simple shear wall compared to analyticalcompressive strength and also compressive strength ofprevious research. There were two couples of simple shearwall built on site, one was strengthening of the outer side ofhouse wall and the other one was strengthening of the inner ofmasonry wall border edging, which are connected withcolumn that placed at the edge and also in the corner. Eachwall has dimension of 1 x 1 x 0.2 m while the columndimension was 0.20 x 0.20 m. Field application in thisresearch followed by Rebound Hammer Test. The field resultthen compared of theoretical compressive strength andcompressive strength of previous research. It is proven thatcouple simple shear wall easy to build and low-cost as well assimple design, ease for construction, and effectivelystrengthens the wall. The couple simple shear wallcompressive strength was higher compared to compressivestrength of masonry walls without strengthening and thetheoretical compressive strength.Shear wall is a structure that aims to resist lateral load such asseismic and wind loads [9–12]. For common masonrybuilding, shear wall can be built as bearing wall. IndonesiaNational Standard of SNI 03-2847-2013 The Requirement ofStructural Reinforced Concrete for Building Structure requiresthe thickness of shear wall should not be less than 10 mm toassure its performance to resist seismic load. Hence, thisresearch wants to develop a simple way as well as simpleshear walls that are connected by column as stiffer couple tostrength the masonry wall, especially the unreinforcedmasonry wall. The couple simple shear wall in this research isinvestigated for its compressive strength compared toanalytical compressive strength and also compressive strengthof previous research[13].II. MATERIALS AND METHODSII.I. MaterialsMaterial used in this research is local product and low-cost,i.e. clay bricks, wire mesh, steel reinforcement, cement, andsand. Design of the couple simple shear wall was described byFig 1 and Fig 2. Couple simple shear wall purposed to becomestiffer of the masonry wall, especially unreinforced masonrywall. There were two couples of simple shear wall built onsite, one was strengthening of the outer side of house wall andthe other one was strengthening of the inner of masonry wallborder edging. The wall dimension was 1 x 1 x 0.2 m whilethe column dimension was of 0.20 x 0.20 m as explained byTable 1. Two walls of the couple simple shear wall connectedwith column that placed at the edge and also in the corner (Fig1).Keywords: couple, simple, shear wall, masonry wall,strengthening, Rebound Hammer, low-cost.I. INTRODUCTIONMasonry building is low-cost structure that built in urbanhousing in many countries. The wall of masonry buildinggenerally unreinforced and designed to become a bearingwall. Since many cities in the world are prone area toearthquake, it is important to strengthen the masonry wall toreduce potential failure and collapse of the masonry building.600

International Journal of Engineering Research and Technology. ISSN 0974-3154 Vol.13, No.3 (2020), pp. 600-607 International Research Publication House. 7Fig 2. Design of Simple Shear WallFig 1. Detail of Simple Shear WallTable 1. Dimension and placement of the couple simple shear wallspecimencodedimension of the simple 0020IV-L-E10010020601placement of the simple shear wallthe inner of masonry wall borderedgingthe outer side of house wall

International Journal of Engineering Research and Technology. ISSN 0974-3154 Vol.13, No.3 (2020), pp. 600-607 International Research Publication House. 7II.II.by Fig 3 and the shooting points described by Fig 4.Analytical calculation then performed to get theoreticalcompressive strength. Instead of analytical calculation,research of [13] that reported average compressive strength of40.30 MPa of masonry wall without strengthening in the samesite will be compared to this current investigation. It should benoted that applied natural polymers for the bricks as alsoinvestigated by [14]–[17].Research ProgramTheoretical compressive strength be calculated by Equation(1) of [18].𝑓′𝑐 1.14𝑁𝑅 12.76(1)Where:Fig 3. Rebound Hammer Test Equipment𝑓′𝑐 𝑁𝑅 compressive strength (MPa) Rebound NumberII.II.1. Field ApplicationConstruction of couple simple shear-wall as field applicationis described by Fig 5 to Fig 8. Construction of the couplesimple shear wall can be explained by procedure as follow.1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.Fig 4. Rebound Hammer Test shooting points on the simpleshear wallThe research was conducted firstly by construction of couplesimple shear wall and followed by non-destructive test toinvestigate compressive strength of the wall from fieldapplication. Non-destructive test carried out by ReboundHammer Test with equipment of Matest 2H1Q17 as described(a)Foundation constructionSloof constructionInner wire mesh installationColumn constructionBrick wall constructionOuter wire mesh installationOuter reinforcement installationPlastering and finishing workTwo couples of simple shear walls were successfullyconstructed because of the ease of construction and then beingtested for Rebound Hammer Test after getting hardened.(b)(c)Fig 4. Initial stages of couple simple shear wall construction: (a) Foundation construction, (b) Column reinforcement,(c) Inner wire mesh installation602

International Journal of Engineering Research and Technology. ISSN 0974-3154 Vol.13, No.3 (2020), pp. 600-607 International Research Publication House. 7(a)(b)Fig 6. Brick wall construction: (a) One side of wall construction, (b) Two sides of wall construction(a)(b)Fig 7. (a) Outer wire mesh and reinforcement installation, (b) Plastering work(a)(b)Fig 8. Finishing stage: (a) Couple simple masonry wall placed at the inner of masonry wall border edging (I-II series), (b) Couplesimple masonry wall placed at the outer side of house wall (III-IV series)603

International Journal of Engineering Research and Technology. ISSN 0974-3154 Vol.13, No.3 (2020), pp. 600-607 International Research Publication House. 7described by Fig 4. Each point had shot for 5 times asdescribed by Table 2.II.II.II. Rebound Hammer TestRebound Hammer Test has been carried out to two couples ofsimple shear wall. Shooting points of the test placed asFig 9. Marking of points of shooting at the surface couple of simple shear wallsFig 10. Shooting the points of simple masonry wall placed at the outer side of house wall (I-II series)Fig 11. Shooting the points of simple masonry wall placed at the inner of masonry wall border edging (III-IV series)604

International Journal of Engineering Research and Technology. ISSN 0974-3154 Vol.13, No.3 (2020), pp. 600-607 International Research Publication House. 7III. RESULT AND DISCUSSIONTable 2. Compressive Strength Analysis of Rebound Hammer TestspecimencodeObserved Rebound IV-L-E40403939373939391.40330.60361.0036.80Result found that every single shear wall has goodcompressive strength, beyond 30 MPa as shown by Table 2.However, the series I and II that were couples simple masonrywall placed at the outer side of house wall have highercompressive strength (39.54 MPa and 42.14 MPa) comparedto series III and III couples simple masonry wall placed at theinner of masonry wall border edging as of 37.50 MPa and36.59 MPa (Fig. 12). This phenomenon happened since theseries I and II were placed under the roof and out of thesunlight. This situation has influenced the hardening of thewall that the wall compacted as it should be. It is nothappened to other series, III and IV that placed outdoor andhit by sunlight. Imperfect hardening could be occurred and39.5442.1437.5036.59compactness may be reduced. Therefore, the compressivestrength of III and IV series little bit lower than I and II series.Instead of the result of Rebound Hammer Test, it is interestingthat theoretical compressive strength is about the similarvalues of compressive strength of series III and IV. Anotherfinding is that compressive strength of series II was highercompared to research of [13] of 40.30 MPa as described byFig 13. Hence, it is emphasized that the couple simple shearwall proven very good. It has higher compressive strengthcompared to the masonry walls without strengthening ofaverage of 37.05 MPa and it also has higher compressivestrength compared to the theoretical compressive strength.605